Multi-connectivity user device for wireless communication networks

ABSTRACT

A user device UE for a wireless communication with a plurality of wireless network elements includes a plurality of antennas. The plurality of antennas are configured to form a plurality of spatial or directional beams. The user device is configured to provide simultaneously a plurality of independent wireless communication links using the plurality of spatial or directional beams, wherein the user device is configured to provide a first wireless communication link with a first wireless network element using a first spatial or directional beam and to provide a second wireless communication link with a second wireless network element using a second antenna beam.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of copending U.S Application No.17/500,272 filed Oct. 13, 2021 which is a continuation of U.SApplication No. 16/809,303, filed Mar. 4, 2020, which is a continuationof copending International Application No. PCT/EP2018/073623, filed Sep.3, 2018, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, andadditionally claims priority from European Application No. EP17189714.3, filed Sep. 6, 2017, which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present application concerns the field of wireless communicationnetworks or systems, more specifically to a user device, systems andmethods for implementing a multi-connectivity mode for a user deviceproviding simultaneous or concurrent wireless communication links from auser device to a plurality of wireless network elements, like basestations, user equipment, UE, etc. Embodiments relate to amulti-connectivity mode using massive MIMO antenna technology andprovide a multi-link user device, ML-UE.

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an example of a wireless network100 including a core network 102 and a radio access network 104. Theradio access network 104 may include a plurality of base stations, whichmay be referred to as enhanced Node-B = eNB, but may also be of typegNB, the term used for base station in 5G New Radio (NR), eNB₁ to eNB₅,each serving a specific area surrounding the base station schematicallyrepresented by respective cells 106 ₁ to 106 ₅. The base stations areprovided to serve users within a cell. A user may be a stationary deviceor a mobile device. Further, the wireless communication system may beaccessed by mobile or stationary Internet-of-Things (loT) devices whichconnect to a base station or to a user. The mobile devices or the loTdevices may include physical devices, ground based vehicles, such asrobots or cars, aerial vehicles, such as manned or unmanned aerialvehicles (UAVs), the latter also referred to as drones, buildings andother items having embedded therein electronics, software, sensors,actuators, or the like as well as network connectivity that enable thesedevices to collect and exchange data across an existing networkinfrastructure. FIG. 1 shows an exemplary view of only five cells,however, the wireless communication system may include more such cells.FIG. 1 shows two users UE₁ and UE₂, also referred to as user equipment(UE), that are in cell 106 ₂ and that are served by base station eNB₂.Another user UE₃ is shown in cell 106 ₄ which is served by base stationeNB₄. The arrows 108 ₁, 108 ₂ and 108₃ schematically representuplink/downlink connections for transmitting data from a user UE₁, UE₂and UE₃ to the base stations eNB₂, eNB₄ or for transmitting data fromthe base stations eNB₂, eNB₄ to the users UE₁, UE₂, UE₃. Further, FIG. 1shows two loT devices 110 ₁ and 110 ₂ in cell 106 ₄, which may bestationary or mobile devices. The loT device 110 ₁ accesses the wirelesscommunication system via the base station eNB₄ to receive and transmitdata as schematically represented by arrow 112 ₁. The loT device 110 ₂accesses the wireless communication system via the user UE₃ as isschematically represented by arrow 112 ₂. The respective base stationeNB₁ to eNB₅ may be connected to the core network 102, e.g. via the S1interface, via respective backhaul links 114 ₁ to 114 ₅, which areschematically represented in FIG. 1 by the arrows pointing to “core”.The core network 102 may be connected to one or more external networks.Further, some or all of the respective base station eNB₁ to eNB₅ mayconnected, e.g. via the X1 or X2 interface (in NR this interface may bereferred to as Nx interface, e.g. N2 or N3), with each other viarespective backhaul links 116 ₁ to 116 ₅, which are schematicallyrepresented in FIG. 1 by the arrows pointing to “eNBs”. Deploymentscenarios may also involve a mix of interconnected eNBs and gNBsoperating in the same radio access network.

The wireless network or communication system depicted in FIG. 1 may byan heterogeneous network having two distinct overlaid networks, anetwork of macro cells with each macro cell including a macro basestation, like base station eNB₁ to eNB₅, and a network of small cellbase stations (not shown in FIG. 1 ), like femto or pico base stations.Small cells may operate in general with much less transmit power. AMacro cell may operate with 46 dBm output power, where a small cellmight operate with 30 dBm output power, and thus defining a larger orsmaller coverage area. See e.g., WWRF Working Group C, CommunicationArchitectures and Technologies”, White Paper, “LTE Small CellEnhancement by Dual Connectivity, 2014.

For data transmission a physical resource grid may be used. The physicalresource grid may comprise a set of resource elements to which variousphysical channels and physical signals are mapped. For example, thephysical channels may include the physical downlink and uplink sharedchannels (PDSCH, PUSCH) carrying user specific data, also referred to asdownlink and uplink payload data, the physical broadcast channel (PBCH)carrying for example a master information block (MIB) and a systeminformation block (SIB), the physical downlink and uplink controlchannels (PDCCH, PUCCH) carrying for example the downlink controlinformation (DCI), the control resource set (CORSET) etc. For theuplink, the physical channels may further include the physical randomaccess channel (PRACH or RACH) used by UEs for accessing the networkonce a UE is synchronized and obtained the MIB and SIB. The physicalsignals may comprise reference signals (RS), e.g., transporting channelstate information (CSI), synchronization signals and the like. Theresource grid may comprise a frame having a certain duration, like 10milliseconds, in the time domain and having a given bandwidth in thefrequency domain. The frame may have a certain number of subframes of apredefined length, e.g., 2 subframes with a length of 1 millisecond.Each subframe may include two slots of 6 or 7 OFDM symbols depending onthe cyclic prefix (CP) length. Smaller slot sizes consisting of < 6 OFDMsymbols, e.g. mini-slots in NR or short transmission time interval(sTTI) in LTE, shall also be supported. In the frequency domain, a mixednumerology with different subcarrier spacing, e.g. 30 kHz, 60 kHz, basedon NRs numerology with µ∈ {0,1,2,3,4,5}, shall be supported, see e.g.TS38.211.

The wireless communication system may be any single-tone or multicarriersystem using frequency-division multiplexing, like the orthogonalfrequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system, the orthogonalfrequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) system, or any otherIFFT-based signal with or without CP, e.g. DFT-s-OFDM. Other waveforms,like non-orthogonal waveforms for multiple access, e.g. filter-bankmulticarrier (FBMC), generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM)or universal filtered multi carrier (UFMC), may be used. The wirelesscommunication system may operate, e.g., in accordance with the LTE,LTE-A, LTE-Advanced pro standard or the 5G or NR (New Radio) standard.

In a wireless network as depicted in FIG. 1 , like a LTE or 5G/NRnetwork, massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) may beimplemented as an antenna technique for some or all of the wirelessnetwork elements or entities in the network, e.g., at the base stationsand/or user devices, for improving the spectral efficiency per site/cellat the network side. To implement massive MIMO technology at a basestation, which is usually operated using sectorized antennas, one ormore antenna arrays may be provided enabling the base station toadaptively create spatial or directional beams focusing energy intodedicated subspaces where active users are present. At the same time,interference to other users may be reduced. Implementing massive MIMOmay create a so-called super sectorization which may be realizedadaptively on a user basis, on a user group basis or even in a fixedmanner creating virtual small cells at static positions. Massive MIMO inthe downlink, DL, improves at the user devices, UE, the effective SINR,Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR), as well as the overallsum rate at users multiplexed to the same resources.

Although user devices may be equipped with an antenna array or multipleantennas, massive MIMO techniques, in general, are implemented only atthe network side, thereby increasing only the network centriccomplexity, while the UEs may remain unchanged and simply experience abetter-structured interference environment in terms of SINRimprovements, and therefore potentially a higher throughput. Even whenconsidering user devices equipped with an antenna array or multipleantennas to provide, e.g., MIMO schemes in the uplink, the connection isonly to a single base station via multiple beams from the antenna.

Other concepts improving UE performance include Coordinated Multi-Point,CoMP, techniques, which involves a synchronized coherent transmission inthe downlink and joint processing in the uplink, UL, for improving theSINR, especially at cell borders suffering from inter-cell interference.Further, when implementing a Zero Forcing, ZF, or a Minimum Mean SquareError, MMSE, transmit precoding for CoMP, accurate channel knowledge maybe used, like the channel state information, CSI, to correctly placespatial nulls. A significant measurement overhead is involved as asignificant number of CSI measurement values is needed, which aretransferred to and distributed among the entities in the network. Thisresults in an excessive use of uplink capacity, which may limit therobustness against channel-aging.

Another known approach in conventional wireless communication networksfor improving UE data rates by link multiplexing is carrier aggregation,CA. In accordance with CA a UE uses a plurality of carriers, frequencybands, as provided by the communication standard, like the LTE standard.

Yet another approach for improving the stability of the connection ofthe UE over the air interface to the network is the provision of theso-called multi-SIM technology in accordance with which the UE isswitches among different mobile network operators, MNOs, to select aconnection over the air which appears to be the most stable connection,however, only one connection at a time is possible. When an existingconnection becomes unstable or is no longer available, the UE has toselect one of the other available network operators to see whether astable connection to one of the other available networks is possible.Thus, when a connection becomes unstable, a termination of theconnection and the establishment of a new connection is needed therebyinterrupting the communication. UEs may be equipped with eSIM(electronic SIM) technology, which allows orchestration of SIM featuresby an operator, or by another authorization entity.

Other known approaches operate on the basis of different wireless orradio access technologies, also referred to as dual connectivity, sothat a user device may access, e.g., a wireless mobile or cellularcommunication network using a first antenna as well as another network,e.g., LTE, a WiFi or Bluetooth network, using a second antenna. Thisinvolves independent transceiver circuits adding to the complexity ofthe UE and the power consumption.

From a UE perspective the data rates experienced in a wirelesscommunication network depend heavily on the actual load of the servingbase station, and even if the currently serving base station is able toprovide a good capacity for the user, the per user capacity might changesignificantly when the user is handed over into the next cell when beingon the move. In other words, data rates experienced at the UE depend onthe condition of the connection to the serving base station which mayimprove when using a massive MIMO technique at the UE, implementing CoMPor using multiple SIMs. Still, in case of any problem with thecommunication link between the base station and the UE, thecommunication will be interrupted, disturbed or become unstable.

It should be noted that the above mentioned problems are not limited toa cellular wireless communication network depicted in FIG. 1 , like aLTE or 5G/NR network, rather, such problems are experienced in any typeof wireless communication network from satellite and cellular to localand personal area networks, e.g. wireless personal area networks, WPANs,wireless local area networks, WLAN, wireless ad hoc network, alsoreferred to as wireless mesh network or mobile ad hoc network, MANET,wireless metropolitan area networks, wireless wide area networks,cellular networks, and global area networks.

SUMMARY

According to an embodiment, a user device for a wireless communicationwith a plurality of wireless network elements may have: a plurality ofantennas, the plurality of antennas configured to form a plurality ofspatial or directional beams, wherein the user device is configured toprovide simultaneously a plurality of independent wireless communicationlinks using the plurality of spatial or directional beams, wherein theuser device is configured to provide a first wireless communication linkwith a first wireless network element using a first spatial ordirectional beam and to provide a second wireless communication linkwith a second wireless network element using a second spatial ordirectional beam.

According to another embodiment, a system may have: one or more wirelesscommunication networks, each wireless communication network includingone or more wireless network elements; and one or more user devices ofone of the preceding claims, the user device for wireless communicationwith a plurality of wireless network elements of the one or morewireless communication networks.

According to another embodiment, a method for a wireless communicationof a user device with a plurality of wireless network elements may havethe steps of: forming, at the user device, a plurality of spatial ordirectional beams, providing simultaneously a plurality of independentwireless communication links using the plurality of spatial ordirectional beams, wherein a first wireless communication link isprovided between the user device and a first wireless network elementusing a first spatial or directional beam, and a second wirelesscommunication link is provided between the user device and a secondwireless network elements using a second spatial or directional beam.

Another embodiment may have a non-transitory digital storage mediumhaving a computer program stored thereon to perform the method for awireless communication of a user device with a plurality of wirelessnetwork elements, the method including the steps of forming, at the userdevice, a plurality of spatial or directional beams, providingsimultaneously a plurality of independent wireless communication linksusing the plurality of spatial or directional beams, wherein a firstwireless communication link is provided between the user device and afirst wireless network element using a first spatial or directionalbeam, and a second wireless communication link is provided between theuser device and a second wireless network elements using a secondspatial or directional beam, when said computer program is run by acomputer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present invention are now described in further detailwith reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of an example of a wirelesscommunication system;

FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a user device in accordance withan embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 shows another embodiment for implementing the inventive userdevice;

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment in which network elements are operatedby the same mobile network operator;

FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment in which network elements are operatedby different mobile network operators;

FIG. 6 a illustrates another embodiment in accordance with which the UE,which is implemented in accordance with the teachings described herein,is coupled to a vehicle;

FIG. 6 b illustrates another embodiment in accordance with which the UE,which is implemented in accordance with the teachings described herein,is coupled to an aerial vehicle;

FIG. 7 illustrates another embodiment in accordance with which theinventive user device is coupled to or is part of a machine control;

FIG. 8 a illustrates a block diagram of the inventive user device inaccordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 8 b illustrates embodiments for implementing the one or moreantenna arrays of the inventive user device;

FIG. 9 a schematic representation of a network including an orchestratoraccording to embodiments of the invention; and

FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a computer system on which units ormodules as well as the steps of the methods described in accordance withthe inventive approach may execute.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the present invention will now be described in moredetail with reference to the accompanying drawings in which the same orsimilar elements have the same reference signs assigned.

The present invention provides a user device for a wirelesscommunication with a plurality of wireless network elements, the userdevice comprising a plurality of antennas, the plurality of antennasconfigured to form a plurality of spatial or directional beams, whereinthe user device is configured to provide simultaneously a plurality ofindependent wireless communication links using the plurality of spatialor directional beams, wherein the user device is configured to provide afirst wireless communication link with a first wireless network elementusing a first spatial or directional beam and to provide a secondwireless communication link with a second wireless network element usinga second antenna beam.

FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a user device in accordance withan embodiment of the present invention, which is also referred to as amulti-link UE (ML-UE). The user device 200, also referred to as userequipment, UE, includes a plurality of antennas 202 ₁ and 202 ₂, forexample two or more single antennas or one or more antenna arrays eachincluding a plurality of antenna elements. The UE 200 includes a signalprocessor 204 coupled to the antennas 202 ₁, 202 ₂ for processingsignals to be sent from the UE and for processing signals received atthe UE. The signal processor 204 may include a precoder to form of aplurality of spatial or directional beams by the antennas 202 ₁, 202 ₂.In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 2 , which is only a schematicrepresentation of the antenna/antenna array 202, it is assumed that theUE controls the antennas 202 ₁, 202 ₂ to form four antenna beams 206₁-206 ₄ to provide respective unidirectional or bi-directionalcommunication links 208 ₁-208 ₄, also referred to as wirelesscommunication links, between the UE 200 and different wireless networkelements 210 ₁-210 ₄.

In other words, the antenna 202 including the plurality of antennaelements or the plurality of antennas simultaneously or at the same timeforms the plurality of spatial or directional beams at the same ordifferent frequencies to enable a parallel communication or transmissionover the plurality of wireless communication links 208 ₁-208 ₄. Forexample, the user device 200 handles the first wireless network elementBS₁ via the first wireless communication link 208 ₁ independent of theconnection to the second wireless communication element BS_(n) via thesecond wireless communication link 208 ₂ to keep the wirelesscommunication links 208 ₁, 208 ₂ active at the same time or ready to beactivated, for example over an allocated period of time, like severalradio frames. In other words, the spatial beams formed by the inventiveUE 200 are independent in the sense of link control or MIMO link controlbetween the UE 200 and the different network elements 210 ₁-210 ₄ sothat, for example, even if one of the wireless communication linksfails, the others are still maintained.

When referring to the “handling” of the respective connections to therespective network elements via the respective wireless communicationlinks independent of each other, in accordance with embodiments, it ismeant that the UE 200 handles each link as if the others would not bethere, for example, the UE 200 may synchronize on a broadcast channel ofseveral base stations or several network elements, and, as a result, theUE 200 handles several links to the different network elements inparallel without the respective network elements necessarily knowingthat these parallel links actually exist. In accordance with examples,the UE may indirectly control the distribution of the traffic over thedifferent links.

In accordance with embodiments, besides the above mentionedsynchronization, the handling of the respective connections may alsoinclude the decoding of the downlink broadcast channel, the handling ofthe initial access to the respective network element, the link control,rate requests, the handover initiation, link reporting and the like.

As mentioned above, the wireless communication links 208 ₁ to 208 ₄ maybe unidirectional for providing a communication from the UE towards therespective wireless network elements, or they may be bi-directional toreceive information from the network elements at the UE. In the lattercase, in accordance with further embodiments, the user device 200 mayreceive control information for coordinating transmissions over theplurality of wireless communication links 208 ₁ to 208 ₄. For example,when considering a scenario in which a service provider, like a videostreaming service, provides the data to the user device via theplurality of links, the service provider may monitor the performance ofthe respective links and decide, for example, the amount of data to betransmitted over the respective links so that, in this scenario, therespective control information would be provided by the service providerand signaled to the user device 200 via the respective base stations. Inaccordance with other embodiments, the respective wireless networkselements, like base stations in the wireless network, may have knowledgeabout the parallel existing wireless links 208 from the user device tothe plurality of network elements, and on the basis of such knowledge,information about the respective wireless communication links 208 may beexchanged among the involved wireless network elements, for example viabackhaul connections among base stations of the networks, to decide, onthe basis of parameters associated with and detected for the links howtransmissions should be coordinated over the respective links, forexample to send a majority of data over a first number of links and theremaining parts over a second number of links having different linkconditions.

As is indicated schematically in FIG. 2 by the arrows 212 ₁-212 ₄ theentities 210 ₁-210 ₄ may have a connection or interface to yet otherentities. The base stations BS₁-BS_(n) may have a connection to the corenetwork and/or a connection among themselves, as well as a connection,via the core network, to external networks or entities. In accordancewith embodiments, the wireless network elements 210 ₁-210 ₄ may includebase stations BS₁-BS_(n) of a wireless communication network, like theone shown in FIG. 1 . The base stations may be part of a networkoperated by a single mobile network operator MNO. In accordance withother embodiments, the base stations may be from different networks,i.e., networks operated by different mobile network operators MNOs.

The entities 210 ₃, 210 ₄ may be connected, via the interfaces 212 ₃-212₄, to a further network, which may be a wireless or wired network, or itmay be an external network, like the internet or an intranet within acompany. In accordance with other embodiments, the entities 210 ₃, 210 ₄may be part of or may be included in a device, like a machine or avehicle. Also the inventive UE 200 may be connected to a furthernetwork, like a wireless network or wired network, or may be connectedto the internet or the like. In other words, the respective connectionsmay be to other user devices 210 ₃, 210 ₄, which may be user devicesconnected to any kind of communication network, or entities which areconnected to physical devices, like machines, vehicles or other physicalentities. The user devices 210 ₃, 210 ₄ provide network connectivity fora communication of a physical device with the UE 200.

In accordance with embodiments, the entities 210 ₃, 210 ₄ may includeuser devices in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.

In accordance with yet other embodiments, the UE 200 may be connected toa device involving a reliable communication via a plurality ofindependent, parallel communication links 208. The UE 200 may be coupledto or incorporated into a machine or a vehicle, like a car, a bus, atrain or an aerial vehicle, like a drone. In FIG. 2 the UE 200 is shownas a part of a bus 216, and includes an interface 218 for a connectionto elements of the bus 216 or to enable passengers in the bus to connectto the UE. The interface may provide a connection to a wirelessinterface, e.g., a WiFi interface, or it may be the wireless interfaceso that the UE 200 acts as an aggregation node or a hotspot forpassengers in the bus. For example, passengers in the bus may connect tothe internet via one or more mobile communication networkinfrastructures using the UE 200, which provides the plurality of links208 that ensure that at least one link is maintained while the bustravels. In other words, the UE 200 provides a mobile hotspot for theusers in the vehicle 216, and the users may connect with a highreliability to a cellular network or to a plurality of cellular networksvia the high data rate wireless interface 218.

In accordance with other embodiments, when implementing the UE 200 aspart of, e.g., a passenger car, rather than providing a backhaul formany connections of many users, the UE may be used for aggregatingbandwidth that may be needed, for example for a live video transmission.This is achieved by aggregating as many physical links 208 as possible,i.e., to set up links 208 by respective spatial beams provided by theantenna array 200 to as many network entities 210 as possible. Thisprovides for the plurality of physical links thereby aggregating thebandwidth available and ensuring, e.g., a reliable live videotransmission.

According to other embodiments, the UE 200 may be a fixed hotspotmounted to or being part of a stationary entity, like a building.

Thus, embodiments of the present invention provide multi-linkconnectivity by employing a plurality of antennas or one or more antennaarrays, like massive MIMO arrays, at the UE side and treating themultiple entities 210, like the BSs, the same way like UEs when seen inthe downlink from a massive MIMO base station. The inventive approachprovides advantages over conventional approaches, as there is little orno need to inform the actual network about the existence of parallelindependent links 208 either within the same network or in differentnetworks so that the inventive user device may be introduced seamlesslyinto existing network infrastructures. Further, the inventive approach,which provides the spatial or directional beams 206 by the antennas,reliably separates the links 208 between the UE 200 and the respectiveentities 210 ₁-210 ₄ thereby improving, e.g., the reliability,diversity, data rate, multiplexing procedures. Also faster hand overprocedures may be implemented.

In the embodiment of FIG. 2 , the UE 200 has been described as beingimplemented as part of a bus 216, however, the inventive approach is notlimited to such embodiments, rather, the inventive user device may beany device including one or more of electronics, software, sensors,actuators or the like, as well as network connectivity. For example, theinventive user device may be implemented in the form of stationary ormobile devices, like handheld devices, for example smartphones, PDAs,computers and the like, ground-based vehicles, such as robots, cars,trains, aerial vehicles, such as manned and unmanned aerial vehicles,the latter also referred to as drones. The user device may be includedor attached to a physical device, a building or any item having embeddedtherein the above mentioned network connectivity. In accordance withembodiments, the network connectivity enables the user device toscan/search for, detect, initiate, establish, discontinue/terminate,handover, maintain or monitor a connection to the wireless networkelement via the respective wireless communication links, for example toexchange data and/or to follow or track control channels. For example,in some cases it may be sufficient if the user device is able to simplytrack links to have a kind of “list” of available links that may beactivated if needed, for example when one of the links shown in FIG. 2starts to fail, another link already monitored by the UE may be selectedfor taking over the wireless link provided by the failing link. In suchcase, the user device is not actively transmitting or communicating allthe time over the link but it follows the links passively.

As mentioned above, the wireless network elements may be base stationsor other user devices, however, in accordance with yet furtherembodiments they may include one or more link forwarding elements, forexample a relaying device for one or more further user devices. The justmentioned relaying device may be, for example a satellite or a repeater,or a combination of another user device and WiFi access point.

FIG. 3 shows another embodiment for implementing the inventive userdevice 200. In the embodiment of FIG. 3 , the user device 200, which isdepicted only schematically, is part of a vehicle, like a passenger car216, and the antenna is formed by a massive MIMO, M-MIMO, array antenna.Four spatial/directional antenna beams 206 ₁, 206 ₂, 206 ₃ and 206 ₄ areformed by the antenna array over which respective the independentwireless communication links 208 ₁ to 208 ₄ are established torespective base stations BSs being part of different mobile networkoperators MNO1-MNO3. The multiple links 208 ₁ to 208 ₄ are spatiallyprocessed at the same time at the UE side across the several basestations BSs and across the different mobile network operators. Thus,embodiments of the present invention introduce a new class of multi-linkUE, also referred to as ML-UE, and a system in accordance with which themulti-link is realized by spatial multi-links formed at the UE side todifferent base stations or wireless network elements which may operateat the same or at different frequencies or at the same or differentfrequency bands.

The antenna array 202 forms the respecting spatial beams 206 ₁ to 206 ₄in such a way that the UE 200 will recognize different base stations ofthe same or different mobile network operators and to set up aconnection to the different base stations independent from each other,by forming the respective spatial/directional beams using differentantenna elements 202 _(x) of the antenna array 200. In accordance withthe embodiments, the antenna may operate at frequencies above 6 GHz, forexample it may operate in the millimeter band or with millimeter waves,and the antenna array may be a linear antenna array, like a UniformLinear Array, ULAs, a planar antenna array, like a Uniform Planar Array,UPA, a cylindrical array or the like.

In accordance with the inventive approach, by providing multiplewireless communication links 208 from the UE 200 by the differentspatial beams 206, the communication is improved as it is more robust aseven in case one of the links is fading or disappearing, for examplebecause it is temporarily blocked, which may be a scenario that happensoften in mobile applications, for example, when the device 216 moves,still a reliable communication via the remaining non-blocked linksexists.

FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 show examples for systems including one or morewireless communication networks, each of which includes one or morewireless network elements, like base stations or other user devices, andin which the inventive user device is located for a wirelesscommunication with a plurality of the wireless network elements.Although FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 show systems in which only a single userdevice in accordance with the inventive approach is provided, thepresent invention is not limited to such embodiments, rather, in suchsystems a plurality of the inventive user devices 200 may be provided.

FIG. 3 shows an embodiment, in which only the inventive user deviceincludes the antenna array 202 having the plurality of antennas orantenna elements 202 _(x), like a massive MIMO antenna array, and therespective base stations BS of the wireless communication network areassumed to include sector antennas or omnidirectional antennas. However,in accordance with other embodiments, both the user device 200 and thebase stations BS of the wireless communication networks may includeantenna arrays to create a multipoint-to-multipoint, MP2MP, connectivitybetween the base stations BSs and the user device 200. Naturally, inaccordance with yet further embodiments, not all of the base stations ofthe wireless communication networks but some of them are provided withantenna arrays. In accordance with further embodiments, when one or moreof the base stations BSs of the wireless communication networks areprovided with antenna arrays, a high-order multiplexing scheme may beemployed for the communication between the UE 200 and the respective BSshaving also antenna arrays, for establishing between the UE and at leastone of the wireless network elements a plurality of parallel spatiallayers, for example, for increasing the data rate over the wirelesscommunication link between the user device 200 and the wireless networkelement. For example, when considering the link 208 ₁ in FIG. 3 , andassuming that also the associated base station BS of the mobile networkoperator MNO3 is provided with an antenna array, like a massive MIMOarray, the actual link 208 ₁ may be formed by a plurality of spatialbeams 206 ₁, 206 ₁’thereby providing for a plurality of parallelwireless links from the UE 200 to the base station BS of MNO3 therebyincreasing in the data rate.

In accordance with embodiments, the plurality of independent wirelesscommunication links 208 ₁ to 208 ₄, as they are, for example, shown inFIG. 3 may be orchestrated at the network side, at the user side, by aservice or a combination thereof, wherein the service may be locatedinside or outside the network or the user device. The traffic over thewireless communication link may also be referred to as an end-to-end,E2E, traffic, for example the traffic from an external service providerto the UE 200 or a device coupled to the UE 200, as will be describedbelow with reference to FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 below.

In other words, in accordance with embodiments, the orchestration may beat a service level which is not necessarily located in the network or inthe UE 200, rather, it may be an entity behind the actual network, likea server in the internet. The orchestration of the traffic may be doneby the UE, which is referred to a UE centric multi-connectionorchestration, by a service hosted somewhere locally or in a distributedfashion, referred to as service centric multi-link orchestration, or byone or more of the network elements, like the above mentioned basestations, which is referred to as a network centric multi-connectionorchestration.

In accordance with embodiments the UE 200 may use a novel connectivityidentification to connect to the several wireless network elements atthe same time, for example, virtual multi-UE IDs may be used in cases inwhich a network is not able to handle a multi-link anchored UE toprovide for a fallback for legacy networks and multi-connectivity toseveral networks operated by different mobile network operators. Inaccordance with other embodiments, the ML-UE 200 may identify itselfwith one or more networks as a relay and, either no UE ID is needed, ora relay ID is used. For example, the IDs of the entities, like UEs,coupled to the relay may be encapsulated at the relay so that these UEsvia the relay, may also use the networks of different or foreign mobilenetwork operators.

As described above, the wireless network elements, like the basestations or UEs in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 may be part of one or more wirelesscommunication networks. For example, the one or more wirelesscommunication networks may include one or more wireless networksoperated by the same mobile network operator, a situation that isschematically depicted in FIG. 4 showing the UE 200 forming threespatial beams using the antennas 202 for three independent wirelesscommunication links to base stations BS₁, BS₂ and BS_(n) which areelements of a network operated by the same operator. The UE forms threespatial beams to provide for a high connection reliability, for exampleto external unit 220 coupled to the wireless communication network, forexample a video streaming service, rather than connecting, as is usualin the known approaches, to only a single base station. In accordancewith the inventive approach, the three spatial beams provided by theantenna 202 form independent wireless communication links to the basestations, i.e., a sufficient number of links is provided so that alsosituations in which a connection to one of the base stations is notpossible, e.g., to base station BS₃ due to an obstacle 222 in thecommunication path, a sufficient number of connections or links isestablished and the high reliability and high data throughput isachieved.

In accordance with other embodiments, the UE may connect to wirelessnetwork elements which are part of wireless communication networksoperated by different operators, as is schematically represented in FIG.5 . Again, the UE 200 is shown with the antenna 202 forming threespatial beams for establishing three independent wireless communicationlinks. In the scenario of FIG. 5 it is assumed that base stations ofthree different mobile network operators 1, 2 and 3 are available, andthe UE provides for the wireless communication link to the base stationBS₁₂ of the first operator, base station BS₂₁ of the second operator andbase station BS₃₃ of a third operator to provide a reliable connectionto the network and, via the network, to the external unit 220 therebyavoiding any problems with obstacles 222 ₁, 222 ₂, or problems with basestations not operating in accordance with desired characteristics orbeing overloaded and not providing for a sufficient throughput.

The above embodiments have been described in connection with cellularwireless communication networks, however, the inventive approach is notlimited to such networks. The inventive approach may be implemented inany type of wireless communication network from satellite and cellularto local and personal area networks, e.g. wireless personal areanetworks, WPANs, wireless local area networks, WLAN, wireless ad hocnetwork, also referred to as wireless mesh network or mobile ad hocnetwork, MANET, wireless metropolitan area networks, wireless wide areanetworks, cellular networks, and global area networks. Further, theinventive approach may be implemented in an environment combining any ofthe just mentioned networks. In other words, the wireless communicationnetworks mentioned above may operate on the basis of the same radioaccess technology, RAT, or on the basis of different RATs. Examples forthe radio technologies are the following:

-   LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro-   5G/NR-   LTE V2X-   enhanced V2X, eV2X of 5G/NR,-   IEEE 802.11,-   IEEE 802.11p DSRC,-   Bluetooth,-   WiFi variants like IEEE 801.11ad, IEEE 802.11ay, IEEE 802.11ac, and-   ETSI DECT and variants thereof.

Also, the network elements to which the UE 200 may form a wireless linkmay be selected from any one of the above mentioned wirelesscommunication networks. Beyond that, in accordance with yet furtherembodiments, the wireless network elements may be included or may bepart of other entities, like buildings, machines, vehicles or the likewhich, in turn, may be connected to further networks.

In accordance with further embodiments, the above described wirelessnetwork elements, like the base stations and other entities may use,within the network of which they are part of, the same or differentnetwork resources. For example, when considering FIG. 4 , some or all ofthe base stations BS₁-BS_(n) involved in the connection to the UE 200may operate on the same resources or they may use different resources.For example different frequencies or different frequency bands fortransmitting the resource elements associated with/mapped to therespective wireless communication links may be used. This also appliesfor wireless network elements operating in different networks.

In the embodiments described above with reference to FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 ,reference has been made to base stations of mobile network operators,however, the inventive approach is not limited to such scenarios,rather, in accordance with embodiments, instead of or in addition to thebase stations in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 , one or more of the communicationlinks provided by the spatial beams of the UE 200 may be to networksemploying a different radio access technology, for example WiFinetworks, Bluetooth networks or DECT networks to implement, for example,a WiGig link (IEEE 802.11ad or IEEE 802.11ay) at 60 GHz, a WiFi link at5.2 GHz, a 4G or 5G link at 3.5 GHz or at any other band.

In the embodiments of FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 , the user device 200 has beendescribed as communicating with a video streaming service 220, however,any kind of service provider may be implemented, e.g. a URLLC service.

The external unit 220 of FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 may also be referred to as adestination with which the user device 200 communicates. The externalunit 220 may implement a service for a remote machine operation or aclosed loop control of a machine. The service provider 220 may provide aURLLC service and is connected via further link 228 to a machine 230, asis shown in FIG. 5 . The interface 228 may be a direct, wireless orwired communication between the external unit 220 and the entity 230, orit may be a connection via another network, for example, an intranet orthe internet.

In accordance with the yet further embodiments of the inventiveapproach, the destination 220 may be one or more of the networkelements, for example one or more of the base stations described abovewith reference to FIG. 2 to FIG. 5 . In such scenarios, the additionalentity 230 is connected to the mobile communication network shown inFIG. 4 and FIG. 5 or directly to one of the network elements, like oneof the base stations. For example, when considering FIG. 4 , theexternal unit 220 may be coupled to one or more of the base stations BS₁to BS_(n).

In the examples as described with reference to FIG. 5 , the entityforming the destination of a communication of the UE has been shown as amachine 230 coupled to the external unit 220. In other words, thedestination may be towards the next network node, for example a basestation, or it may be a multi-hop to other nodes, like another UE, or acar, thereby making the UE a kind of relay or forwarding node.

In accordance with other embodiments, the entity being the destinationmay be a mobile device, like a vehicle. Dependent on where the UE 200 isprovided, for example if it is provided in another machine or in anothervehicle, a M2M, V2V or V2X communication may be implemented.

FIG. 6 a illustrates an embodiment in accordance with which the UE 200,which is implemented in accordance with the teachings described herein,is coupled to a vehicle 300 and provides a plurality of wirelesscommunication links 208 ₁ to 208 ₅ using respective spatial ordirectional beams formed by the antenna array 202 of the user device200. The wireless communication links 208 ₁ to 208 ₄ provide for a V2Xcommunication to a plurality of roadside units 302 ₁ to 302 ₄ eachincluding a wireless network element (not shown), like a small cell basestation, for establishing the wireless communication links 208. Theroadside entities 302 may be lanterns, traffic signs, or buildings alongthe road 304, and the respective units 302 may be connected to a commonnetwork or to different networks for a communication with externalentities, as described above with reference to FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 . Inaddition, the vehicle 300, via the inventive UE 200, may establish a V2Vcommunication to a further vehicle 306 via the wireless communicationlink 208 ₅ also formed by one of the spatial or directional beamsgenerated by the antennas of the UE 200. The further vehicle 306includes, in a similar way as the roadside entities, a network element210 for a wireless communication. The network element 210 may be anydevice providing for a network connectivity, and in accordance withembodiments, the wireless network element 210 may also be formed by auser device 200 in accordance with the inventive approach. As is shownby the dotted lines 308 ₁, 308 ₂ the further vehicle 306 is alsoconnected to roadside entities 302 ₂ and 302 ₄. For a reliablecommunication between the two vehicles 300, 306, the inventive userdevice 200 provides, in addition to the direct link 208 ₅, amulti-connectivity via the further independent wireless communicationlinks 208 ₂, 208 ₄, and via the wireless links 308 ₁, 308 ₂ from the tworoadside units 302 ₂ and 302 ₄, which may relay the communication fromthe vehicle 300 to the vehicle 306.

With reference to FIG. 6 a it is noted that in accordance with otherembodiments, rather than ground based vehicles also aerial vehicles maybe used, for example unmanned aerial vehicles, like drones, may beprovided with the inventive user device 200 for a multi-connectivity toa plurality of stationary elements provided along a flight path of thedevice yielding a more reliable connection of the drone to a network forreceiving control information and for sending positional informationback to the system, for example.

FIG. 6 b illustrates another embodiment in accordance with which the UE,which is implemented in accordance with the teachings described herein,is coupled to an aerial vehicle, line an airplane or a drone. In FIG. 6b a drone is shown including the inventive user device 200 connecting tothe base stations BS on the ground via the respective beams 206. In thesituation depicted in FIG. 6 b the UL connection from the UE 200 to BS′may cause an interference with BS″ as BS′ and BS″ are in the same sectorcovered by beam 206′. All potentially interference affected BSs havingknowledge about the UE 200 and its associated UL RS may report a sensedinterference experienced due to the UE 200 and an multi-linkorchestrator (see below) in the network may manage the links 206accordingly to reduce interference levels. For example, instead of beam206′ another beam 206″ directed towards BS″ may be used for the UL.

The same is valid for the downlink selection in that the UE 200 mayrecognize interference levels from BS″ during the DL connection from BS′to the UE 200 interfered by BS″ and switch the active beam to 206″accordingly.

In accordance with further embodiments, the aerial device may exploitthe extended coverage of BSs for multi-link anchoring to BSs beyondthose in the announced neighborhood lists of close proximity BSs.

FIG. 7 illustrates another embodiment in accordance with which theinventive user device 200 is coupled to or is part of a machine control310, for example within a factory including a plurality of machines M1,M2 and M3. The inventive user device 200, by means of its antennas 202,provides for a multi-connectivity by establishing three wirelesscommunication links 208 ₁ to 208 ₃ to the respective machines M1 to M3having coupled thereto or incorporated therein respective wirelessnetwork elements 210 ₁ to 210 ₃. The respective wireless links 208 areformed using the independent spatial/directional beams 206 ₁, 206 ₂ and206 ₃ generated by the antennas or antenna array 202 of the user device200. The machine control 310 may transmit/receive signals to therespective machines for monitoring the operation of the machines and forcontrolling operation of the machines via the independent links. Themachines may be any kind of machines, including robots and the like.

FIG. 8 a illustrates a block diagram of the inventive user device inaccordance with an embodiment. The UE 200 includes an antenna array 202having a plurality of antennas or antenna elements 202 _(x). Inaccordance with other embodiments, a plurality of such antenna arrays202 may be provided in the UE 200. The antenna array 202 is coupled topre-coder 320. The pre-coder 320 may include a codebook or may becoupled to a codebook for forming at least two spatially separatedelectromagnetic transmit/receive beams for the respective separate,independent wireless communication links. Further, the UE 200 includesone or more signal processors defining respective signal processingchains 204 ₁ to 204 _(n) coupled to the pre-coder and also coupled tothe interface 218 for inputting/outputting signals. In accordance withembodiments, the antenna array 202 may be a massive MIMO antenna arrayhaving a high number of antenna elements. As described above, a singlesignal processor or a plurality of signal processors may be provided forimplementing the plurality of signal processing chains 204 ₄ to 204_(n), for example a signal processing chain for each of the wirelesscommunication links. The signal processing chain may support perlink/per base station/per mobile network operator one or more of:

-   the DL time and frequency synchronization, the handling of    neighborhood lists,-   the handling of resource allocation, like for DL/UL or H-ARQ,-   the UL timing advance, TA,-   the power control,-   trigger and handle of handover procedures.

In the following, embodiments of the inventive approach dealing with thecommunication over the plurality of wireless communication links will bedescribed.

Physical Layer Retransmission Mechanisms

In accordance with embodiments, the system as depicted in any one ofFIG. 2 to FIG. 7 may implement a physical layer retransmissionmechanism, like H-ARQ, which includes an indication of suitable linksfor the retransmission. For example, a physical layer retransmissionmechanism, such as H-ARQ, may be applied at the multi-link UE 200 and atthe respective wireless network elements, like the base stations BSs, toimprove the spectral efficiency. When a destination, like the basestation, is not able to decode a message, it may send anon-acknowledgement, NACK, message to request a retransmission from themulti-link UE 200. The destination may indicate which of the multiplelinks is the advantageous link for the retransmission. The informationabout the link quality/reliability may be shared by the base stations,for example via the X2 interface or any other backhaul connection, incase the respective base stations coupled to the UE via the differentindependent wireless links are aware of each other. The linkquality/reliability may be found by analyzing the likelihood ratios ofthe coded information with respect to each link, and a link having aquality/reliability exceeding a predefined threshold may be selected forthe retransmission.

Handover

In accordance with embodiments, the system as depicted in any one ofFIG. 2 to FIG. 7 may trigger, request and execute for each wirelesstransmission link 208 an independent hand-over procedure to anotherwireless network element, like another anchor point in the network or abase station. For example, advanced and delayed triggering of thehandovers may implement a “crawling” through the network while keepingat the same time as many of the links 208 as possible in connected mode,for example as many links needed to satisfy a specific target data rate,latency, redundancy or the like.

In accordance with other embodiments, neighborhood lists, like extendedneighborhood lists, that may be loaded from the network or from theinternet, may be used to enable the ML-UE 200 to connect beyond therange specified in conventional neighborhood lists for simultaneouslinks across two or more tiers of wireless network elements, differentmobile network operators, different radio access technologies and thelike.

In accordance with yet further embodiments, the system may perform ananticipatory handover and/or a new link establishment on the basis ofknowledge about a predefined route of the use device and/or knowledgeabout wireless communication links to the wireless network elements thatwill become available.

In accordance with further embodiments, the handover may be aconventional handover from one BS to a neighboring BS from the announcedneighborhood list, or a handover based on establishing a new link toanother wireless network element not announced in the neighborhood listusing conventional link connection/establishment procedures, like RACH,and providing the end-to-end connection via the new link.

Exploiting Downlink, DL, Signaling

In accordance with embodiments, the inventive UE 200 may exploit adownlink, DL, signaling from the different wireless network elements,like the different base stations, to differentiate between the two ormore wireless network elements, to independently synchronize with theelements, and to provide a parallel decoding/processing/handling of theDL controlled channels. In other words, the DL signaling may come fromdifferent bases stations/access points and the UE may be able todifferentiate between the two or more base station signals tosynchronize the communication for a parallel decoding/processing of thedownlink control channels. Thus, the UE 200, implemented in accordancewith the teachings described herein, keeps multiple links at the sameactive or ready to be activated, for example over an extended period oftime, like over several radio frames.

Increased Diversity

In accordance with embodiments, the inventive approach increases indiversity, like an increase in code diversity, spatial diversity, timediversity or frequency diversity. To increase the diversity, the UE 200may transmit and/or receive a message over a plurality of the wirelesscommunication links, for example at the same time over a first wirelesscommunication link and a second wireless communication link. Inaccordance with yet other embodiments, the message may be split, and theparts of the message may be sent over the first and second wirelesscommunication links at the same time in multiplex.

When transmitting/receiving a message or parts of a message over aplurality of the wireless communication links at the same time, theremay be situations in which a communication over one of the wirelesscommunication links may not be successfully decoded or received. In sucha situation, a retransmission for the message or a part of the messagemay be used, and the UE may transmit or request a retransmissionmessage, like a H-ARQ retransmission message, over one or more of thedifferent wireless communication links. In accordance with embodiments,the retransmission message may include redundancy for the data in themessage or in the part of the message, wherein the redundancy mayinclude chase combining or incremental redundancy. In accordance withyet other embodiments, a complete retransmission of the entire messageor the entire part of the message may be initiated responsive to therequest for a retransmission.

In case the respective network elements, like the base stations, are notaware of the existing independent, parallel wireless communication linksfrom the UE to the network, the retransmission may be controlled by anover the top entity which may also control the flow of data through therespective network elements to the UE via the different links, i.e., theretransmission may be handled over the top outside of the actual networkelements, for example by a service provider as described above withreference to FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 . In case the wireless network elements,like the base stations, or the entities coupled thereto, are aware ofthe different wireless communication links, the retransmission messagemay be coordinately transmitted over the different wirelesscommunication links under control of the respective base stations. Insuch a situation, the retransmission may exploit the two or more linksas multiplexing or redundancy links.

Thus, in accordance with the just described embodiments, an originalmessage may be transmitted in a multiplex mode, but repetitions, likethose used for H-ARQ, may use a selected, different path or a differentdiversity over the available paths, spatial/directional streams, and/orfrequencies.

Increased Code Diversity

In accordance with embodiments, an increased code diversity is providedby the inventive idea in that the UE 200 forms N, N > 1, spatial ordirectional beams for N different wireless communication links. Amessage to be transmitted or a part of a message to be transmitted maybe encoded, and N copies of the codeword are generated and transmittedover the N different wireless communication links. In accordance withanother embodiment, the message or the part of the message may beencoded and the obtained codeword may be split into N subcodewordswhich, in turn, are transmitted over the N different wirelesscommunication links.

In such a scenario, the respective wireless network elements, like thebase stations, may collect the parts of the message and perform a jointprocessing of the parts of the message which may include the exchange ofdata via the backhaul interface. This is possible, in situations inwhich the respective wireless network elements are aware of theplurality of independent wireless communication links provided from theUE to the different base stations. In case the respective networkelements are not aware of the independent links, in accordance withother embodiments, the wireless network elements will forward the partsof the message to one or more entities connected thereto which will thencollect the parts of the message and perform a joint or distributedprocessing of the parts of the message. In other words, the finalcombination of the codeword parts or pieces may be done over the topsomewhere in a network entity or at a service level where the service isanchored/hosted.

In accordance with embodiments, the distribution of the respective partsof the message of the multiple links is such that even when all partsare received, the actual content may not be retrieved, rather,additional processing, like network coding, is needed. The respectiveparts of the messages/data flows may be processed/decoded in adistributed fashion in a first step/stage and after that, in a secondstage/step further processing is performed by a joint processingcombining the parts from the first stage. For example, at the respectivebase stations or network elements, soft bits may be generated indicatingthe probability that a specific bit has a certain value, and these softbits may be distributed to a shared entity which, on the basis of thereceived soft bits may generate hard bits, defining the final value ofthe bit. For example, when receiving for the same parts of the messagedifferent soft bits over different links or from different networkelements, the shared entity generating the hard bits may select thosesoft bits having the highest probability for a certain value.

In accordance with further embodiments, the user device may encrypt themessage.

Increased Spatial/Time Diversity

In accordance with embodiments, the spatial and time diversity may beincreased by sending multiple copies of the data packet or message overmultiple links. The UE 200 may copy a message or some part of themessage to be transmitted, and then transmit the message and the copyand the other part of the message of the first and second wirelesscommunication links. For example, the multi-link UE 200 may generate Ncopies of the same message or data packet and apply a channel codingscheme and interleaver pattern, either the same scheme/pattern ordifferent schemes/patterns, to each copy of the message or data packet.The N codewords obtained after channel coding are sent over the Ndifferent wireless communication links 208 to the destination inparallel, which may be one or more of the base stations. At thedestination, the received information is exchanged by the base stations,provided they have knowledge about the multiple independent links, forexample over the X2 interface, and are jointly processed. The jointchannel decoder may exploit the correlation of the multiple copies ofthe message during the decoding process. By accumulating sufficientinformation of the data from the multiple links, the destination is ableto decode the message. In case the message cannot be decoded, thedestination may send a NACK to the multi-link UE to request aretransmission of the message. The destination may also indicate theadvantageous link for the retransmission to the multi-link UE. At eachre-transmission the multi-link UE may optionally encode and interleavethe message by a different channel encoding scheme and interleaverpattern, respectively.

In accordance with examples, to keep the channel coding scheme simple, adoped accumulator code with a simple generator may be used, and such acode does not introduce redundancy and the corresponding channel decoderinvolves only moderate complexity. In accordance with furtherembodiments, a fountain code may be used which may lead to atransmission scheme which transmits as many parts of the total messageuntil a sufficient number of parts arrived at the destination, like thereceiver or decoder, for successfully decoding the message. In such ascenario, a feedback, similar to H-ARQ, may terminate furthertransmission of the packets.

UL/DL Scheduling

In accordance with embodiments, the inventive UE 200 may control ororchestrate the uplink, UL, and/or downlink, DL, and/or may control ororchestrate a link adaption in an uplink communication and/or a downlinkcommunication. In accordance with embodiments, the UE 200 may haveaccess to a link control in one or more of the wireless networkelements, for example to a link control in a base station as shown inthe above figures, to directly control the scheduling of resources forthe uplink/downlink over the respective wireless communication links. Inaccordance with other examples, no direct access to the link control maybe available, however, an indirect control of the scheduling may beimplemented by controlling the transmission of information for the linkcontrol in the respective base station such that a certain situation isavoided, for example a simultaneous hand-over for two wirelesscommunication links at the same time.

In accordance with further embodiments, the UE may control/orchestratethe resources and link adaption in the uplink/downlink to provide adedicated set of resources, like physical resource blocks, that the UEitself may choose, and for such PRBs, the UE may choose a modulation, acoding and a codeword-distribution over the respective wirelesscommunication links. This approach is beneficial in downlink, where theUE is the receiver and observes the channel conditions includinginterference levels and usually reports to the base stations someindicators, like PMI, CQI and the like, to request specific loading/useof resources. The base station decides and the UE reports another roundof feedback if such values led to successful transmissions.

In accordance with further embodiments regarding the uplink/downlinkscheduling, the ML-UE 200 in accordance with the inventive approach mayemploy an antenna array, like a Massive MIMO array, to transmit/receiveas many directional/spatial beams, also referred to as streams, aspossible on a common resource by spatial multiplexing. The commonresource may include a common time/frequency resource. Whileconventional approaches, like the LTE standard, perform foruplink/downlink scheduling only at the base stations, in accordance withthe inventive approach, situations may be handled in which there is nosufficient backhaul or no backhaul at all between the different basestations, as it is the case when connecting to base stations ofdifferent mobile network operators. In such a case, the base stations donot know how to provide for an acceptable ML-UE-centric schedulingdecision and the corresponding rate allocation or link adaption. This isbecause there is no global CSI available at the base stations, each ofwhich only has its local CSI. For the uplink, there are difficulties oruncertainties in scheduling in the sense that each BS does not know howmuch its own uplink streams interfere with other co-scheduled basestations for a certain ML-UE. In such a scenario, in accordance withembodiments, the uplink scheduling may be performed at the UE sidebecause, otherwise, such uplink interference is most likely tosignificantly degrade the uplink throughput of the ML-UE.

For example, the UE may request the same uplink/downlink resourceblocks, also referred to as common uplink/downlink resource blocks, tomultiple potential base stations, and once the UE gets a grant from someof the base stations the UE may trigger CSI feedback from the basestations that permitted the grant. Given the reported CSI (RI/PMI/CQI),the UE schedules the best set of beam forming matrices provided by theprecoder. The UE may then also perform the link adaption by signalingUL/DL control information to the base stations. In other words, inaccordance with such embodiments, the inventive ML-UE 200 may performthe same role as a base station in a conventional massive MIMO system.

Independent Power Control

In accordance with yet further embodiments, the user device 200 mayprovide for an independent management of the wireless communicationlinks, for example, for an independent link feedback including CSI, CQI,PMI and H-ARQ hand-overs and the like.

Aggregation Node

In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, as also shortlymentioned above, the UE 200 may operate as an aggregation node for aplurality of further devices connected to the aggregation node.

For example, the inventive UE 200 may be an aggregation node for amoving hotspot, like on a bus, a train or an airplane, and severaldevices located in the vehicle may be connected to the aggregation node.The connected devices may forward their own ID, specific properties andthe like to the spatial link IDs and vice versa. The multi-linkconnectivity may be to different MNOs′ networks and devices at the otherend may be grouped per MNO. The devices may obtain a “transcoded” linkanchored in any one of the networks, for example by multi-MNO anchoringof services.

Multiplexing of Analog Beamforming Components

In accordance with further embodiments, the user device may include amodulator/demodulator, that is implemented, for example, in the signalprocessor shown in FIG. 8 a for the respective signaling chains 204. Theantenna array may comprise a massive MIMO antenna array 202, and all ora group of the antenna elements 202 _(x) within the antenna array 202may receive/transmit the same RF signal from/to themodulator/demodulator. When referring to the RF signal, an analog signalcoming from the modulator is meant, which may be a base band signal inthe analog domain after DAC or may be mixed up to an intermediatefrequency. The beamforming is than performed by, for example, phaseshifters or mixing with a fixed phase delay in parallel stages in orderto create an analog beamforming, so that not every antenna element hasits own transceiver chain. In order words, in case of analog beamformingor hybrid beamforming, respectively, all antennas within the antennaarray 202, or a group of antennas 202 _(x) may receive the same RFsignal from the modulator. This signal may be phase-shifted by aparameterizable phase individually for each antenna, and using allantennas parameterized with the phase leads to a maximum SINR towardsthe target receiver and simultaneously minimizes the interference in allother receivers. If a current data rate and an interference rejectionrequirement, however, is not that high, a smaller number of antennas orgroups may be sufficient for the signaling towards the target receiver.The transmitter may be the ML-UE 200, and the receivers may be the basestations or the other network elements, like other UEs, and establishingthe multiple links to the multiple base stations in parallel from thesingle ML-UE leads to statistical multiplexing gain concerning thebeamforming hardware that may be used. For example, for supporting threeparallel beams to three base stations, the number of antennas or groupsmay be significantly lower than three times the hardware for a singlelink.

Thus, in accordance with further embodiments, a controller, like thecontroller 322 of FIG. 8 a , may be provided to dynamicallyincrease/decrease the number of antennas per wireless communicationlink, for example according to a current data rate requirement for eachwireless communication link, and/or increase/decrease the number ofwireless communication links, and/or antenna elements of an antennaarray used to create wireless communication links, and/or the number ofspatial beams per wireless communication link.

FIG. 8 b illustrates embodiments for implementing the one or moreantenna arrays of the inventive user device. The one or more antennaarrays may include a plurality of antenna elements 202 x, e.g., 8×8 toseveral hundreds, operating in the mm-Waveband. In accordance with afirst embodiment, the array 200 may be controlled to form the pluralityof beams 206 using all antenna elements 202 _(x). In accordance with asecond embodiment, the array may be controlled such that a plurality ofsubarrays 202 ₁, 202 ₂ are used for forming the respective beams 206.

Protocols About the Link Conditions

In accordance with further embodiments, the inventive approach mayinclude obtaining information about a condition of the one or morewireless communications links, either at a network level, for example byperforming appropriate measurements by the respective network elements,like the base stations, or by measurements performed at the UE 200 toobtain respective parameters, like KPIs, associated with the wirelesscommunication links or by monitoring the behavior of the communication,for example the number of requested retransmissions giving someinformation about the communication behavior, namely how good acommunication link is for transmitting specific data. The informationabout the condition of the one or more channels may be transmitted ordistributed among the respective entities of the entire system, forexample once the measurement has been completed, upon a specific requestissued or at specific times or intervals. For example, in accordancewith embodiments, the obtained information may be used to dynamicallyadapt the communication over the different wireless communication links,for example responsive to the information received from the user deviceor from any other of the entities.

E2E Multi-Link Orchestration

In accordance with further embodiments, the inventive approach mayprovide for the E2E multi-link orchestration.

The E2E multi-link orchestration includes, in accordance with anembodiment, the orchestration of the link ID and user ID, that may beused for the access to the network and for services.

FIG. 9 is a schematic representation of a network including anorchestrator according to embodiments of the invention. The inventive UE200 provides three independent links 208 ₁ to 208 ₃ via respective basesstations BS₁ to BS₃ to a service located, e.g., in the internet or atany other location in the depicted environment. In FIG. 9 the logicalconnection between the UE and the service is represented by the arrowE2E. The base stations are connected to the service by their respectivebackhaul connections BH₁ to BH₃. The orchestrator 400 may be amulti-link orchestrator or a multi-ID orchestrator or both. Themulti-link orchestrator and the a multi-ID orchestrator may implementedin the same or separate entities in a centralized or distributed manner.The orchestrator may be an entity behind the actual network, like aserver in the internet, may be at the UE to provide a UE centricmulti-connection or multi-link orchestration, or may be at one or moreof the network elements, like the above mentioned base stations, toprovide a network centric multi-connection orchestration.

The multi-link orchestrator controls the transmissions or data flows forthe E2E connectivity via the links 208 and the backhaul connections BH.The multi-link orchestrator may exploit knowledge, as schematicallyrepresented at 410, about the conditions of the links 208 and thebackhaul connections BH, described e.g., by KPIs (key performanceindicators), like data rate, interference level, congestion, load, etc.,in order to utilize the combined links for the E2E connectivityaccording to certain criteria for the E2E communication, likereliability, latency data rate and others. Such knowledge may beprovided by the service or the network, like the network elements, anyentities in the network or the UE 200. The multi-link orchestrator mayinteract also with entities of the core network, like EPC, evolvedpacket core, functions in 4G networks.

The multi-link orchestrator may control, e.g. via control signaling,link performance relevant parameters directly at the network elements orat link associated entities, e.g. a scheduler, a link controller, ahandover controller etc., or indirectly on the basis of service or linkspecific parameters, like, guaranteed bit rate service, ULLRC, etc.

In accordance with embodiments, a UE centric multi-link orchestrator maycontrol the links that may be used for critical services, like URLLC, bycoordinating/orchestrating base station schedulers, by data route/flowselection or prioritization, especially for the UL using grant freeaccess procedures. Furthermore, the UE and/or the service may triggerend-to-end link performance tests on demand or in predefined intervals,like response times, retransmission attempts, etc.

For example, latency-critical data may be routed by the UE 200 over thefastest link, e.g., the link for which the resource blocks RBs that maybe used, are available and/or for which the least number of H-ARQretransmissions are expected, and/or the lowest end-to-end latency isexpected. Further, latency-critical data may be split and transmittedover the links. The scheduling of the scheduling preference decision maymade at the UE, and may be appropriately communicated to the involvednetwork elements, like the base stations.

The multi-ID orchestrator controls the different IDs, like subscriberidentifications, of the wireless communication links 208 used for anaccess to the one or more wireless networks. The IDs may be used toauthenticate the user device and to authorize access to the networkand/or to specific network capabilities, like network slices, services,and KPI report requests. The different IDs may be combined into a commonmulti-link UE ID. Such multi-link UE IDs may be handled more efficientlyin the one or more networks.

Advantages

The inventive approach described above in detail, provides for a numberof advantages over known approaches. In accordance with the teachingsdescribed herein, an aggregation of links to several network elements,like base stations, at the same time is enabled so that the data rate isincreased by spatial or frequency multiplexing to the several basestations, so that a link diversity is provided for an improved linkstability and a reduced outage as well as for a load balancing ofbackhaul connections among several base stations. Further, a significantinter-cell interference reduction at the UE side is achieved, and anenergy reduced multi-link transmission between the networks and theML-UE 200 is available.

Further, embodiments of the inventive approach are advantageous as theymay provide multi-handovers at the same time and/or at different timeinstances to reduce the number of handover failures, balance the traffichandovers, reduce latency and improve support of continuation,especially in mobile edge computing MEC. Further advantages of theinventive approach are improvements in the E2E service delivery asmulti-path routing of packets of several work elements, like basestations in the same or different networks using the same or differentradio access technologies are enabled, and further embodiments areadvantageous as statistical multiplexing is provided on backhaul overseveral base stations thereby reducing fluctuations in effective datarate, delay, chitter, for example in cases when a handover occurs.

Although some aspects of the described concept have been described inthe context of an apparatus, it is clear that these aspects alsorepresent a description of the corresponding method, where a block or adevice corresponds to a method step or a feature of a method step.Analogously, aspects described in the context of a method step alsorepresent a description of a corresponding block or item or feature of acorresponding apparatus.

Various elements and features of the present invention may beimplemented in hardware using analog and/or digital circuits, insoftware, through the execution of instructions by one or more generalpurpose or special-purpose processors, or as a combination of hardwareand software. For example, embodiments of the present invention may beimplemented in the environment of a computer system or anotherprocessing system. FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a computer system900. The units or modules as well as the steps of the methods performedby these units may execute on one or more computer systems 900. Thecomputer system 900 includes one or more processors 902, like a specialpurpose or a general purpose digital signal processor. The processor 902is connected to a communication infrastructure 904, like a bus or anetwork. The computer system 900 includes a main memory 906, e.g., arandom access memory (RAM), and a secondary memory 908, e.g., a harddisk drive and/or a removable storage drive. The secondary memory 908may allow computer programs or other instructions to be loaded into thecomputer system 900. The computer system 900 may further include acommunications interface 9010 to allow software and data to betransferred between computer system 900 and external devices. Thecommunication may be in the form electronic, electromagnetic, optical,or other signals capable of being handled by a communications interface.The communication may use a wire or a cable, fiber optics, a phone line,a cellular phone link, an RF link and other communications channels 912.

The terms “computer program medium” and “computer readable medium” areused to generally refer to tangible storage media such as removablestorage units or a hard disk installed in a hard disk drive. Thesecomputer program products are means for providing software to thecomputer system 900. The computer programs, also referred to as computercontrol logic, are stored in main memory 906 and/or secondary memory908. Computer programs may also be received via the communicationsinterface 910. The computer program, when executed, enable the computersystem 900 to implement the present invention. In particular, thecomputer program, when executed, enable processor 902 to implement theprocesses of the present invention, such as any of the methods describedherein. Accordingly, such a computer program may represent a controllerof the computer system 900. Where the disclosure is implemented usingsoftware, the software may be stored in a computer program product andloaded into computer system 900 using a removable storage drive, aninterface, like communications interface 910.

The implementation in hardware or in software may be performed using adigital storage medium, for example cloud storage, a floppy disk, a DVD,a Blue-Ray, a CD, a ROM, a PROM, an EPROM, an EEPROM or a FLASH memory,having electronically readable control signals stored thereon, whichcooperate (or are capable of cooperating) with a programmable computersystem such that the respective method is performed. Therefore, thedigital storage medium may be computer readable.

Some embodiments according to the invention comprise a data carrierhaving electronically readable control signals, which are capable ofcooperating with a programmable computer system, such that one of themethods described herein is performed.

Generally, embodiments of the present invention may be implemented as acomputer program product with a program code, the program code beingoperative for performing one of the methods when the computer programproduct runs on a computer. The program code may for example be storedon a machine readable carrier.

Other embodiments comprise the computer program for performing one ofthe methods described herein, stored on a machine readable carrier. Inother words, an embodiment of the inventive method is, therefore, acomputer program having a program code for performing one of the methodsdescribed herein, when the computer program runs on a computer.

A further embodiment of the inventive methods is, therefore, a datacarrier (or a digital storage medium, or a computer-readable medium)comprising, recorded thereon, the computer program for performing one ofthe methods described herein. A further embodiment of the inventivemethod is, therefore, a data stream or a sequence of signalsrepresenting the computer program for performing one of the methodsdescribed herein. The data stream or the sequence of signals may forexample be configured to be transferred via a data communicationconnection, for example via the Internet. A further embodiment comprisesa processing means, for example a computer, or a programmable logicdevice, configured to or adapted to perform one of the methods describedherein. A further embodiment comprises a computer having installedthereon the computer program for performing one of the methods describedherein.

In some embodiments, a programmable logic device (for example a fieldprogrammable gate array) may be used to perform some or all of thefunctionalities of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, afield programmable gate array may cooperate with a microprocessor inorder to perform one of the methods described herein. Generally, themethods are advantageously performed by any hardware apparatus.

While this invention has been described in terms of several embodiments,there are alterations, permutations, and equivalents which fall withinthe scope of this invention. It should also be noted that there are manyalternative ways of implementing the methods and compositions of thepresent invention. It is therefore intended that the following appendedclaims be interpreted as including all such alterations, permutationsand equivalents as fall within the true spirit and scope of the presentinvention.

1. A device comprising: a processor circuit and a memory, wherein thememory comprises instructions executable by the processor circuit,wherein the processor circuit is arranged to communicate with aplurality of users, wherein at least one of the plurality of usersaccess a least one logical access network(s), and wherein the processorcircuit is arranged to control physical resources of a communicationnetwork, wherein the communication network is assigned to the at leastone logical access network(s), wherein the processor circuit is arrangedto allow access of the plurality of users to the at least one logicalaccess network(s) during a first mode, wherein the processor circuit isarranged to adaptively limit access of the plurality of users to the atleast one logical access network(s) during a second mode.
 2. The deviceof claim 1, wherein the at least one logical access network comprises atleast one network slice(s), wherein information controlling the accessof the plurality of users comprises an access class or an accesscategory, wherein the access class or access category is for theplurality of users.
 3. The device of claim 1, wherein to adaptivelylimiting access of the plurality of users to the at least one logicalradio access network(s) comprises gradually reduce reducing theplurality of users permitted to access the at least one logical radioaccess network(s).
 4. The device of claim 22, wherein barring at leastone user(s) from the at least one logical access network(s) comprisesproviding a barring time, wherein the barring time indicates when the atleast one user(s) should try the next time to access the at least onelogical access network(s).
 5. The device of claim 18, wherein adaptivelyreducing the enabled logical access networks comprises barring theenabled logical access network so as to increase the available physicalresources for at least one of the non-barred logical access network(s).6. The device of claim 5, wherein barring the enabled logical accessnetwork comprises: controlling the at least one user(s) to stay on thelogical access network; and signaling to the at least one user(s) thataccess to the logical access network is barred.
 7. The device of claim18, wherein controlling the physical resources comprises modifying anamount of physical resources allocated to the enabled logical accessnetworks.
 8. The device of claim 25, wherein the liming or suspendingcomprises: selecting a service quality for the at least one user(s), orprioritizing for at least one user(s).
 9. The device of claim 1, whereinthe second mode is determined based on a certain event, wherein thecertain event comprises at least one of: an emergency situation, anoverload situation of at least a part of the communication network, aneed to balance the load between the at least one logical accessnetwork(s), a need to provide resilience to the at least one logicalaccess network(s), an event at a certain date and for a first duration,changes in a service using the logical access network, a time, and areoccurring event.
 10. The device of claim 1, wherein the communicationnetwork is arranged to enable a plurality of logical access networks,wherein each logical access network of the plurality of logical accessnetworks use different carriers, wherein a first one of the plurality oflogical access networks is barred, wherein the first one of theplurality of logical radio access networks uses a first carrier, whereinthe device is arranged redirect at least one of the user(s) to a secondone of the plurality of logical access networks, wherein the second oneof the plurality of logical access networks uses a second carrier. 11.The device of claim 1, wherein the device is arranged to perform thecontrol using a common downlink system information, wherein the commondownlink system information is provided by the communication network forthe plurality of users.
 12. The device of claim 11, wherein the deviceis configured to signal control information so as to inform at least oneof the plurality of users whether a third logical access network issupported or is not supported by the communication network.
 13. Thedevice of claim 11, wherein the base station is configured to broadcastto the plurality of users control information, wherein the controlinformation indicates to indicate that additional access controlinformation is available before access, wherein the additional accesscontrol information controls access of the plurality of users to the atleast one of the logical access network(s).
 14. The device of claim 11,wherein the processor circuit is arranged to signal to a master userconnected to the communication network when access to a logical accessnetwork is blocked for a portion of the plurality of users to connect toat least one slave user within a coverage zone when access to a logicalaccess network is blocked for a portion of the plurality of users,wherein the at least one slave user comprises at least a portion of theof the blocked user(s).
 15. The device of claim 1, wherein the controlsignal comprises a first set of access control parameters and a secondset of access control parameters, wherein the processor circuit isarranged to broadcast to first set of access control parameters usingthe RRC protocol, wherein the processor circuit is arranged to broadcastto the second set of access control parameters using the NAS protocol.16. A method of operating a communication network, wherein thecommunication network comprises a plurality of logical access networks,the method comprising: communicating with a plurality of users by adevice; accessing at least one of the plurality of logical accessnetwork(s); controlling physical resources of the communication network,wherein the physical resources are assigned to the at lase one of theplurality of logical access networks; allowing access of the pluralityof users to the at least one of the logical access network(s) during afirst mode; and adaptively limiting access of the plurality of users toat least one of the logical access network(s) during a second mode. 17.A computer program stored on a non-transitory medium, wherein thecomputer program when executed on a processor performs the method asclaimed in claim
 17. 18. A device comprising: a processor circuit and amemory, wherein the memory comprises instructions executable by theprocessor circuit, wherein the processor circuit is arranged tocommunicate with a plurality of users, wherein at least one of theplurality of users access a least one logical access network(s) of aplurality of logical access networks, and wherein the processor circuitis arranged to control physical resources of a communication network,wherein the communication network is assigned to the at least onelogical access network(s), wherein the processor circuit is arranged toallow access of the plurality of users to the at least one logicalaccess network(s) during a first mode, wherein a portion of theplurality of logical access networks comprise enabled logical accessnetworks, wherein the processor circuit is arranged to adaptively reducethe enabled logical access networks during a second mode.
 19. A devicecomprising: a processor circuit and a memory, wherein the memorycomprises instructions executable by the processor circuit, wherein theprocessor circuit is arranged to communicate with a plurality of users,wherein at least one of the plurality of users access a least onelogical access network(s), and wherein the processor circuit is arrangedto control access of at least one of the plurality of users to the atleast one logical access network(s), wherein the processor circuit isarranged to allow access of the plurality of users to the at least onelogical access network(s) during a first mode, wherein the processorcircuit is arranged to adaptively limit access of the plurality of usersto at least one of the logical access network(s) during a second mode.20. A device comprising: a processor circuit and a memory, wherein thememory comprises instructions executable by the processor circuit,wherein the processor circuit is arranged to communicate with aplurality of users, wherein at least one of the plurality of usersaccess a least one logical access network(s), and wherein the processorcircuit is arranged to control access of at least one of the pluralityof users to the at least one logical access network(s), wherein theprocessor circuit is arranged to allow access of the plurality of usersto the at least one logical access network(s) during a first mode,wherein the processor circuit is arranged to adaptively reduce a numberof enabled logical access networks during a second mode.
 21. The deviceof claim 1,wherein to adaptively limiting access comprises barring atleast one user(s) from the at least one logical access network(s). 22.The device of claim 1,wherein to adaptively limiting access comprisesbarring at least one logical access network(s) from being accessed. 23.The device of claim 18, wherein adaptively reducing the enabled logicalaccess networks comprises allowing access only to a first of the enabledlogical access networks or to a subset of the enabled logical accessnetworks so as to increase the available physical resources for thesingle one or the subset of enabled logical access networks.
 24. Thedevice of claim 1, wherein controlling the physical resources compriseslimiting or suspending at least one service(s) using the logical accessnetwork.
 25. The device of claim 18, wherein controlling the physicalresources comprises increasing a scheduling priority of at least one ofthe enabled logical access networks relative to at least one disabledlogical access network.
 26. The device of claim 18, wherein controllingthe physical resources comprises decreasing the scheduling priority ofat least one disabled logical access network(s) relative to thescheduling priority of the at least one of the enabled logical accessnetworks.
 27. The device of claim 1, wherein the device is arranged toperform the control by signaling of a first communication protocol,wherein the first communication protocol is used by the at least onelogical access network(s).
 28. The device of claim 11, wherein thedevice is configured to signal control information so as to limit accessto a fourth one the plurality of users.
 29. The device of claim 11,wherein the device is configured to signal control so as to at bar atleast a fifth one of the at least one logical access network(s.
 30. Thedevice of claim 11, wherein the device is configured to signal controlinformation so as to limit access to second service using the at leastone logical access network(s).
 31. A method of operating a communicationnetwork, wherein the communication network comprises a plurality oflogical access networks, the method comprising: communicating with aplurality of users by a device; accessing at least one of the pluralityof logical access network(s); controlling access of the plurality ofusers to at least one of the logical access network(s) during a firstmode allowing access of the plurality of users to the at least one ofthe logical access network(s) during a first mode, and adaptivelylimiting access of the plurality of users to at least one of the logicalaccess network(s) during a second mode.
 32. A computer program stored ona non-transitory medium, wherein the computer program when executed on aprocessor performs the method as claimed in claim
 31. 33. A method ofoperating a communication network, wherein the communication networkcomprises a plurality of logical access networks, the method comprising:communicating with a plurality of users by a device; accessing at leastone of the plurality of logical access network(s); controlling physicalresources of the communication network, wherein the physical resourcesare assigned to the at lase one of the plurality of logical accessnetworks; allowing access of the plurality of users to the at least oneof the logical access network(s) during a first mode; and adaptivelyreducing a number of enabled logical access networks.
 34. A computerprogram stored on a non-transitory medium, wherein the computer programwhen executed on a processor performs the method as claimed in claim 33.35. A method of operating a communication network, wherein thecommunication network comprises a plurality of logical access networks,the method comprising: communicating with a plurality of users by adevice; accessing at least one of the plurality of logical accessnetwork(s); controlling access of the plurality of users to the at leastone logical access network(s); allowing access of the plurality of usersto the at least one of the logical access network(s) during a firstmode; and adaptively reducing a number of enabled logical accessnetworks.
 36. A computer program stored on a non-transitory medium,wherein the computer program when executed on a processor performs themethod as claimed in claim 35.